According to a study conducted by the Ifo, under the leadership of German physics professor Christoph Buchal, the CO2 emissions of electric vehicles are higher than those of diesel cars. The Belgian newspaper De Standaard published this claim on their website on the 18th of April. We rate this claim as mostly false.
Europe wants to reduce the CO2 emissions of its transport sector by 40% by 2030. In order to achieve this goal, Germany wants to stimulate the transition to electric cars. However, a study conducted by Ifo under the direction of Professor Christoph Buchal shows that in Germany, the CO2 emissions of electric vehicles are higher than those of diesel cars. At least, that’s what the study says using a comparison between the Tesla Model 3 and the Mercedes C220d diesel car.
There are two reasons why the diesel car is considered as ‘better’ than an electric car. First of all, there is the production of the battery for an electric car. This production requires a considerable amount of energy. In addition, the batteries contain various raw materials such as lithium and cobalt, and these raw materials have to be mined. This means that the production of a Tesla Model 3 battery releases some 11 to 15 tonnes of CO2, according to the German researchers. They also take an average lifetime of ten years per battery and assume that people will drive around 15,000 kilometres per year. If we take these data, a Tesla Model 3 would emit 73 to 98 grams of CO2 per kilometre.
Secondly, and very important in this study, the research was conducted in Germany. The conditions and means by which the batteries are produced must therefore be taken into account. In Germany, on average, more than a third of the electricity is produced from lignite and charcoal, which are by far the largest emitters of CO2 among electricity producers. If we look at Belgium, where the electricity is mainly derived from low-CO2 nuclear or renewable energy, we see that the emission of electric cars there is on average three to four times lower than that of an internal combustion engine. So the claim of the German researchers is not completely wrong as far as Germany is concerned, but it is not at all representative for the whole world.
We have also enlisted the help of some experts in the field to investigate this claim and to see what is true and what is not.
First in line is Gunter De Pooter, expert in sustainable transport: “There is indeed, worldwide, a discussion on this subject, which has been going on for about two years’, he says. ‘Back in 2017, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has also published an article, questioning the green image of electric cars. All these articles give rise to fact-checking, which is important in the world of electric driving because the truth is always in the middle and there will always be supporters and opponents.”
Irrelevant discussion
“When comparing an electric motor with an internal combustion engine, it becomes clear that the latter requires up to 4 to 5 times more energy to make the same mechanical movement. The electric motor has very little energy loss, which explains why they’re widely used. Not only in cars but also in factories, because they’re really energy efficient. An electric motor in an industrial installation has a loss of only 3-4%, and the same applies to cars. Other than that, the lifespan of such an engine is 5 to 6 times longer than that of an internal combustion engine. So, a diesel engine needs more energy, which means that it will also emit more CO2 and on top of that the engine has a shorter lifespan. Two arguments in favour of the electric motor”, tells De Pooter.
However, there’s a big discussion going on, explains De Pooter: “What about the environmental cost, the impact of making a battery and where will the power come from? These are all things that, in general, are known very little about. Much depends on the quality of the battery. If the materials in the battery are not of sufficient quality, the car will not operate optimally. And it is very important to know that these factors vary from country to country.”
Rare materials
We also spoke with Mark Pecqueur, lecturer in vehicle technologies at Thomas More University College in Mechelen, Belgium. He clarified that Buchal’s claim would be correct in the past, but not anymore today because the electric cars have greatly evolved the last few years together with the production of their batteries: “Moreover, Buchal has only compared two models so that seems insufficient to draw such a general conclusion.”
“In the past, the production of electric cars demanded a lot of energy. Old electric cars in Germany, from 5 or 6 years old were indeed not the best alternative. But when we look at the more recent electric cars, it quickly becomes clear that the energy we need to produce the batteries has dropped dramatically. And also the way in which the batteries are produced had evolved”, Pecqueur says. Like Gunter De Pooter, he refers here to the low-carbon energy used in Belgium, but also to the environmentally unfriendly materials used in Germany
Besides that, the use of rare materials such as cobalt is an issue that still needs to be solved, Mark Pecquer continues: “These materials are often produced in appalling conditions and sometimes even involve child labour. We have to look for materials that are not that rare, and that’s something that’s not given enough attention to these days. If we don’t use alternatives for these rare materials in the long run, we’ll be faced with a problem. We should take an example from China, where hydrogen is used. This avoids the use of rare materials on the one hand and on the other it brings along zero emissions. However, I think it will take a long time before the electric cars really break through and we will all be convinced that this is the best solution.”
We can conclude that the claim: ‘Electric cars generate higher emissions than diesel cars’ is mostly false. The German investigators have only compared two models: an electric Tesla Model 3 and a Mercedes C220d diesel car. Secondly, Buchal and his coworkers did an investigation in Germany and then generalized their claim. More than a third of the electricity in Germany is produced from lignite and charcoal, which are by far the largest emitters of CO2 among electricity producers. Finally, in the last few years, the electric cars have greatly evolved and so has the production of their batteries. The investigation of the German researchers is interesting but the information is not representative on a large scale and is also a bit obsolete. Therefore, this claim is mostly false.
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Good fact-checking. There is likely a translation error in “lignite and charcoal”, however. Lignite (Braunkohle) seems fine, but “charcoal” must be a mistake; Kohle can mean either charcoal or coal, but the only the latter is used for power production. Steinkohle (black, anthracite, hard, mineral, and bituminous coal are synonyms) was likely meant. This only strengthens the argument conveyed by the fact-checking, since charcoal (from wood) would actually have a very low carbon footprint. (The secondary issue is the need to be cautious when using translation software.)
The average European energy production carbon footprint (gCO2/kWh) is higher than in Belgium on the other hand and would give a more fair comparison in this case. I wouldn’t say Buchal is mostly false. He takes up relevant discussion points that are needed in the debate of future transportation solutions so we can make smart political decisions which in many cases aren’t the most green ones. It is worse that people believe in electric cars making 0g CO2/km which is far from true in a lifecycle analysis perspective.
I see that claims in the research were not accurate, but we need to realize one point: Electric Cars will not save us – maybe there will be some reduction of emissions, but we need to stop thinking of it as one of major problems (switching to different engines). What we should do instead is greatly reduce consumption. Buy local food, spend money on services instead of goods, spend vacation close to your living place, etc. But for many people that’s inconvenient – they just one “more”, “more technologies”, “new cars” – no, that’s not the way, that’s just giving false sense of “doing my part for better future”.
The Buchal study is clearly referring to the German power mix (https://www.ifo.de/node/37982). Hence, the statement is true or at least mostly true according to the expert G. de Pooter. Anyway, the statement misses the point of the Buchal study: Methane powered vehicles contribute significantly more to the greenhouse gas reduction than battery electric vehicles.
If their own expert “Mark Pecqueur, … … clarified that Buchal’s claim would be correct in the past,” how then caln you state the claim to be mostly false!?!? Any decent research is done with the fact in hand, as they are, not with wishfull whitewashing thinking of the future. In an area where most energy is derived from non renewables, and with a political wish to reduce nuclear energy, with very low CO emissions, its wierd to assume we can somehow reduce dependency on coal and thus lowedr its CO emissions. What we ARE doing is moving the pollution to other places. If someone is content with that, and i am not, then sure lets continue, but for the short term forseeable future, electric cars are not the answer. And moreover the study stands, it is NOT co zero emissions AND in addition other emmisions for e.g.g heavier cars and fine particals as well as geo political reasons would make it that we should as a union spend less time promotic electric driving at this point and put a lot more money into battery development. The point where we should go for electric may soon be upon us, but its not now
Does Christoph Buchal’s study factor in the cost of all the extra humans in the gasoline/diesel supply chain?
1. carbon cost of humans working in gasoline refineries
2. carbon cost of humans working at petrol stations
3. carbon cost of humans driving trucks shipping petrol to stations
etc.
Are there any “well to wheel” studies that factor in these externalities?
Trying to get to the truth can lead you down a rabbit hole of information and even here, people start adding things to the equation that are not part of the “fact checking”.
Here is the bottom line, it takes a lot more CO2 to make an electric car vs a internal combustion car, that is not in much dispute.
But once made, it gets really complicated, real fast. Where you charge your electric vehicle and when makes all the difference in the world.
A gas car, getting 21 miles per gallon will produce just under 10,000 pounds of CO2 per year, your Tesla will be charged by electricity and where and when you charge it make a huge difference. Most charge their cars at night, when in MOST countries there is no renewable energy sources, only a few countries have enough hydro or nuclear energy to run their grid at night. Places like California, which is a very “green” state in the U.S. rely almost entirely on Natural Gas from about 4pm until 10am and that is when most charge their car.
So, using natural gas to power their car means close to 4,500 pounds of CO2 are produced, if they rely on coal it is more than double that.
So, does your electric vehicle produce MUCH less CO2 emissions than a car? In most places, NO, but they are better. If you have the ability to charge your vehicle entirely on non CO2 emitting sources, like hydro, nuclear or if you charge it during the day, using solar, then yes.
But, most cars are charged at night, at home, in places that need fossil fuels to create electricity at night.
Now, if your car gets better than 21 miles per gallon? You are getting closer to being the same as an electric vehicle on CO2 emissions, but we could play that game all day long.
Not false, but uncomfortably true in Germany, where their electricity id very dirty. In China it is even worse!
No facts contrary to the original study were presented. What is the current cost of producing an average battery compared with the cited cost in the original study. I would call this “probably mostly false”, and more of an opinion than a fact.
It would be great to see a better analysis – at what annual mileage does an EV become better in terms of CO2 emissions? Clearly, if the car is never used or does low annual mileage the Diesel (or Petrol) is better because it has lower embodied energy/carbon. Similarly, if you drive tens of thousands of miles a year in a country where the electricity is low carbon (NOT generated by burning long-turnover biomass!) , the EV is likely to be better.
What you need is good, real-world numbers. You can’t use the silly unrealistic fuel consumptions for IC engined cars published by the manufacturers ; similarly EVs are much closer to 60% efficient (motor, 80% at best, inverter 90% ?? , charging losses, transmission losses …)
We need real, unbiassed numbers – too many ‘researchers’ have pre-conceived opinions.